Pharmacogenes in our database

CYP2D6

Cytochrome P450 2D6

CYP2D6 is the most clinically important pharmacogene. It metabolizes around a quarter of all prescription drugs, including many antidepressants, opioids, and stimulants. The gene is unusually variable: roughly …

43 drugs

CYP2C19

Cytochrome P450 2C19

CYP2C19 handles several SSRIs (citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline), proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, esomeprazole), and the blood thinner clopidogrel. About 2 to 5 percent of people of European descent and …

22 drugs

CYP2C9

Cytochrome P450 2C9

CYP2C9 metabolizes warfarin, phenytoin, celecoxib, and some NSAIDs. Variants that reduce its activity are most consequential for warfarin, where even small changes in drug clearance translate into very …

16 drugs

SLCO1B1

Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter 1B1

SLCO1B1 is the transporter that moves statins into liver cells where they work. A common variant (called *5) reduces transporter function and leaves more statin circulating in the …

7 drugs

UGT1A1

UDP Glucuronosyltransferase Family 1 Member A1

UGT1A1 clears bilirubin (the molecule that builds up in jaundice) and several drugs including irinotecan and nilotinib. A variant called *28, common in people of all ancestries, reduces …

6 drugs

HLA-B

Human Leukocyte Antigen B

HLA-B variants don't affect how drugs are metabolized. They affect your immune system's reaction to them. Specific HLA-B alleles are strongly linked to severe skin reactions to drugs …

4 drugs

TPMT

Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase

TPMT inactivates thiopurine drugs like azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and thioguanine. About 1 in 300 people of European descent has essentially no TPMT activity, and standard doses can cause life-threatening …

3 drugs

DPYD

Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase

DPYD breaks down fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy drugs (5-FU, capecitabine). A small percentage of people carry reduced-function variants that cause the drug to accumulate to toxic levels. This is one …

2 drugs

CYP1A2

Cytochrome P450 1A2

CYP1A2 is the liver enzyme that clears caffeine, clozapine, and a handful of other drugs. Its activity is shaped by both genetics and lifestyle (smoking speeds it up, …

1 drug

VKORC1

Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex Subunit 1

VKORC1 is warfarin's molecular target. A common promoter variant determines how much VKORC1 your liver produces, and therefore how much warfarin it takes to block the vitamin K …

1 drug

CYP3A5

Cytochrome P450 3A5

CYP3A5 is unusual: most people of European descent carry a non-functional variant and don't produce active enzyme at all. Most people of African descent do. For drugs like …

1 drug