Pharmacogenes in our database

Each of these genes affects how your body processes or responds to specific medications. Click a gene to see every drug with published guidelines for it.

CYP2D6
Cytochrome P450 2D6
CYP2D6 is the most clinically important pharmacogene. It metabolizes around a quarter of all prescription drugs, including many antidepressants, opioids, and stimulants. The gene is unusually variable: roughly …
45 drugs
CYP2C19
Cytochrome P450 2C19
CYP2C19 handles several SSRIs (citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline), proton pump inhibitors (omeprazole, esomeprazole), and the blood thinner clopidogrel. About 2 to 5 percent of people of European descent and …
21 drugs
CYP2C9
Cytochrome P450 2C9
CYP2C9 metabolizes warfarin, phenytoin, celecoxib, and some NSAIDs. Variants that reduce its activity are most consequential for warfarin, where even small changes in drug clearance translate into very …
16 drugs
SLCO1B1
Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter 1B1
SLCO1B1 is the transporter that moves statins into liver cells where they work. A common variant (called *5) reduces transporter function and leaves more statin circulating in the …
7 drugs
UGT1A1
UDP Glucuronosyltransferase Family 1 Member A1
UGT1A1 clears bilirubin (the molecule that builds up in jaundice) and several drugs including irinotecan and nilotinib. A variant called *28, common in people of all ancestries, reduces …
6 drugs
TPMT
Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase
TPMT inactivates thiopurine drugs like azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and thioguanine. About 1 in 300 people of European descent has essentially no TPMT activity, and standard doses can cause life-threatening …
3 drugs
NUDT15
Nudix Hydrolase 15
NUDT15 protects cells from thiopurine chemotherapy by breaking down active thioguanine nucleotides before they cause too much damage. Loss-of-function NUDT15 variants are common in East Asian and Hispanic …
3 drugs
GLP1R
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor
GLP1R is the cell-surface receptor that GLP-1 drugs like semaglutide and tirzepatide bind to. A common variant (rs10305420, Pro7Leu) changes how efficiently the receptor gets made and shipped …
3 drugs
COMT
Catechol-O-Methyltransferase
COMT inactivates the brain's catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine), especially in the prefrontal cortex. A very common variant (Val158Met, rs4680) reduces enzyme activity about three- to four-fold. Met/Met …
3 drugs
CYP2B6
Cytochrome P450 2B6
CYP2B6 handles efavirenz (an older HIV drug), bupropion, methadone, and ketamine. The most consequential allele is *6, which dramatically reduces activity and is common across many populations. Carriers …
3 drugs
IFNL3
Interferon Lambda 3 (formerly IL28B)
IFNL3 produces a type III interferon that helps the immune system clear viral infections. A variant in the gene's regulatory region (rs12979860) was, for a long time, the …
3 drugs
DPYD
Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase
DPYD breaks down fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy drugs (5-FU, capecitabine). A small percentage of people carry reduced-function variants that cause the drug to accumulate to toxic levels. This is one …
2 drugs
GIPR
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide Receptor
GIPR is the receptor for GIP, the second incretin hormone. It is the target of the GIP arm of tirzepatide and retatrutide. The Glu354Gln variant (rs1800437) lowers GIPR …
2 drugs
ABCG2
ATP-Binding Cassette Subfamily G Member 2 (BCRP)
ABCG2 is a transporter that moves urate and several drugs out of cells. The Q141K variant (rs2231142) is common, particularly in East Asian populations, and reduces transporter function. …
2 drugs
BCHE
Butyrylcholinesterase
BCHE is a plasma enzyme that rapidly breaks down two surgical muscle relaxants (succinylcholine and mivacurium) given during general anesthesia. Most people clear these drugs in minutes. Carriers …
2 drugs
CYP1A2
Cytochrome P450 1A2
CYP1A2 is the liver enzyme that clears caffeine, clozapine, and a handful of other drugs. Its activity is shaped by both genetics and lifestyle (smoking speeds it up, …
1 drug
VKORC1
Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase Complex Subunit 1
VKORC1 is warfarin's molecular target. A common promoter variant determines how much VKORC1 your liver produces, and therefore how much warfarin it takes to block the vitamin K …
1 drug
CYP3A5
Cytochrome P450 3A5
CYP3A5 is unusual: most people of European descent carry a non-functional variant and don't produce active enzyme at all. Most people of African descent do. For drugs like …
1 drug
CYP3A4
Cytochrome P450 3A4
CYP3A4 metabolizes more prescription drugs than any other enzyme. Somewhere around half of everything in the formulary passes through it. Most of the variation in CYP3A4 activity between …
1 drug
ADH1B
Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1B
ADH1B is the liver enzyme that performs the first step of alcohol breakdown, converting ethanol to acetaldehyde. A common variant (ADH1B*2, rs1229984) carries roughly 40-fold faster activity. It's …
1 drug
AKT1
AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 1
AKT1 sits in the signaling pathway downstream of dopamine receptors in the brain. A common variant near the gene (rs2494732) has been linked, in several observational studies, to …
1 drug
ALDH2
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2
ALDH2 clears acetaldehyde, the toxic metabolite produced when your body breaks down alcohol. The ALDH2*2 variant (rs671) produces an almost completely inactive enzyme, and is present in about …
1 drug
CFTR
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator
CFTR is the chloride channel that's broken in cystic fibrosis. Modern CF therapies (ivacaftor, tezacaftor, elexacaftor, and their combinations) restore partial channel function, but only for patients whose …
1 drug
CHRNA5
Cholinergic Receptor Nicotinic Alpha 5 Subunit
CHRNA5 codes for part of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the brain. The rs16969968 variant changes the receptor's response to nicotine and is one of the strongest known …
1 drug
CYP2A6
Cytochrome P450 2A6
CYP2A6 is the main enzyme that breaks down nicotine. Slow metabolizers keep nicotine in their system longer, smoke fewer cigarettes per day, and have a lower lifetime lung …
1 drug
CYP4F2
Cytochrome P450 4F2
CYP4F2 metabolizes vitamin K. A variant called V433M (rs2108622) reduces enzyme activity, so more vitamin K reaches the clotting cascade. Carriers therefore need slightly higher warfarin doses to …
1 drug
FAAH
Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase
FAAH breaks down anandamide and other endocannabinoids, the body's own cannabinoid signals. A common variant (Pro129Thr, rs324420) reduces enzyme activity, leaving endocannabinoid tone slightly elevated. Studies have linked …
1 drug
GCGR
Glucagon Receptor
GCGR is the receptor for glucagon. Retatrutide is the first incretin agonist to add glucagon-receptor activity to GLP-1 and GIP, and that combination is part of why phase …
0 drugs
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